Feet case study Essay

The item that seemed to really call my attention as being a problem is some of the profitability ratios. Starting with the Gross Profit margin, it seems at the moment that Just Feet makes $41.62 in 1999 and in 1998 $41.53 in profit, but it cost the company more to produce than what they are making in profit. This shows that they need to lower their costs in making their product to be more profitable. The company has not even reached a breakeven point. We also see that in the two years of 1998 to 1999 that there was a decrease in profitability a decrease in return of equity. This means that the company is making less profit for each dollar that the shareholders have invested in the company. This ratio shows us how efficiently the company is working, and it shows how efficiently management is using the funds that shareholders have contributed to the company. So in doing these analysis  for Just for Feet Inc. I would be questioning the efficiency of management for handling the income that shareholders have contributed. I would also want to look for closely at how the company is producing, the cost they are having is higher than the profit, for that reason we would want to evaluate how they could lower cost to make the profit more profitable for the company. Question 2. Just for Feet operated large, high-volume retail stores. Identify internal control risks common to such a business. How should these risks affect the audit planning decisions for such a client? One of the risks that a large retail store like Just for Feet Inc. could find in internal controls is in the area of Inventory Control. The largest concern is that what is stated on the Financial statements really exist. It is important to evaluate this risk so that a company can see if there is any thievery by employees and to make sure that on its balance sheet it shows an accurate report of inventory. Another area of risk in a high volume retail store would be the issue of handling cash. Since there is such a high turnover of cash in a large retail store, there needs to be good internal controls in place that will prevent false accounts receivable, and a misrepresentation of revenues. Another risk that needs to be evaluated is the management operations and how they handle and divide responsibilities within the location. In retail stores there can be a high turnover of people, for that reason management needs to make sure that there are always the proper division of duties, they need to make sure all paperwork is properly recorded and accounted for. As to how it will affect the audit plan, the auditor needs to make sure that there is proper division of duties, needs to test to make sure values are correct and there are no misstatements. The need to look closely at the inventory, accounting for the proper value on hand as well as the proper items in stock. Question 3 Just for feet operated in an extremely competitive industry, or sub-industry. Identify inherent risk factors common to businesses facing such competitive conditions. How should these risks affect the audit planning decisions for such a client? An inherent risk is when a company is susceptible to a misstatement in financial statements. It is the responsibility of an auditor  to carry out audits that will make these risks low to nonexistent. An example of this is segregation of duty. IN a highly competitive business profit and larger revenue will identify you as being the best, a possible risk is the lack of personnel that keeps expenses low giving people double duties, but creating an inherent risk. If we do not have management signing off on purchase orders, and others account for the product being received and another accounting for it being sold and another confirming the completion of the process in the accounting of such items through monthly closings or such. An auditor would want to evaluate that management has the experience necessary to carry out these plans. And those that are in the mentioned positions also would be experienced. If there is a high turnover in these positions it could be a sign of fraudulent behavior because people who are trust worthy would not stay in a place to do something dishonest. All these type of changes should be evaluated by the auditor. Question 4 Prepare a comprehensive list, in a bullet format of the audit risk factors present for the 1998 Just for Feet audit. Identify the five audit risk factors that you believe were most critical to the successful completion of that audit. Rank these risk factors from least to most important and be prepared to defend your rankings. Briefly explain whether or not you believe that the Deloitte auditors responded appropriately to the five critical audit risk factors that you identified. The emphasis that management made on reaching the earnings goals at whatever cost. The near year end transactions that Just for Feet was engaged in The law cash resources of the company The type of business strategy that the management of Just for Feet used The way that the company always kept the stock prices on the high end The increase in inventory at the end of both years. The vendor confirmations not coming through to confirm transaction by Just for Feet. The risk factors that were most significant to the audits completion would be the Inherent Risk, control risk, audit risk and detection risk. An Audit  risk is when an auditor answers the following questions: Is there a risk of fraud? Is this risk related to the complexity of transactions? Does it include and significant transaction out of the normal course of business? Karl M Johnston, (Auditing 2014) states that â€Å"whether the risk is related to recent significant economic accounting, or other developments and, it requires specific attention.† In my ranking of more important to least important in risk factors I think that they are generally all equally important. Inherent risk are important because it will evaluate if there has been some type of theft, or if there was anything changed in the form of a non-routine transactions or a complex transaction. Sort of like what Just for Feet did when raised the inventory at the end of two years. The Control risk is also of equal importance because it is relates to a misstatement being stopped with internal controls in place. The fact that Just for Feet was allowing misstatements to be written by outside vendors to send to the auditor shows that the lack of internal controls within the Just for Feet entity allowed this type of poor fraudulent management to occur. This would be assessed through assertion level checks like: Valuation, existence, presentation, completeness and rights and obligations disclosures. In my opinion Deloitte did not respond appropriately to these risk factors. Though they may have seen the risk factors, though they saw the misstatements and questioned them, they did not act accordingly. If they had the SEC would not have fined them. Question 5 Put yourself in the position of Thomas Shine in this case. How would you have responded when Don-Allen Ruttenberg asked you to send a false confirmation to Deloitte & Touche? Before responding, identify the parties who will be affected by your decision? The people who would have been affected by my decision is the shareholders, others who worked for the company, the public, management and executives of the company, even those who were customers of Just for Feet. But even then with all those people at risk I would have said no and risked losing my job by being fired. My ethical position to adhere to what is right is what would require me to make this decision. To be asked to do something fraudulent would make me want to separate myself from this type of management. At the  end I would pay the price for my bad choice. REFERENCES http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/financial-statement-analysis/return-equity-roe-916 retrieved 10/2/14 http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-assess-inventory-management-control-risk.html retrieved 10/3/14 http://accounting-simplified.com/audit/introduction/audit-assertions.html retrieved 10/5/14

Henry, Paine, Freedom

Words: 345 Henry, Paine, freedom A comparison of both speeches Two important persons in the American Literature are Thomas Pain and Patrick Henry trying to help the colonist to get their freedom from the Britain. Paine tried to bring the colonists in to reality in his speech. He wanted to remained the colonists how badly the supreme British were treating them. On the other hand Henry tried to persuade the colonists to go to war, using Britain as the enemy, but they tried to persuade the audience, by using different ways.Thomas Pain and Patrick Henry are both authors if the American Literature. Paine wrote â€Å"The American Crisis† and Henry wrote â€Å"The speech in the Virginia convention. † In a way both authors had the same general goal in mind, to persuade the colonists. Henry uses a variation of persuasive techniques. He uses allusion, repetition, and rhetorical questions. In Henry’s speech, he said â€Å"suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. à ¢â‚¬  This allusion refers to the story of Judas betraying Jesus with a kiss. On the other hand Paine uses anecdotes, exaggeration, and personal attacks.Paine exaggerates on his speech by comparing the king of Britain to â€Å"a common murderer, a high wayman, or a housebreaker. I would choose Patrick Henry’s speech, because he says what he thinks clearly without holding anything back. When hi ask a question, he wants an answer fast. As he says in his speech â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death. † Because he wanted liberty even if that means to be involve in a war, because they have to do something for their freedom. On the other hand Thomas Pain says a lot of thins exaggeration everything leaving people clueless on what he is trying to say.Lastly we can see by reading those speeches that Henry and Paine wrote their works at different times. Henry using war while Pain is using the history of their ancestors, but both reached their single goal that is freedom. MLA: Henry, Patrick. â€Å"Speech to the second Virginia Convention. † American Literature. Ed. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly Ann Chin, Jacqueline Jones Royster. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 108-110. Print. Paine, Thomas. â€Å"The crisis, No. 1. † American Literature. Ed. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly Ann Chin, Jacqueline Jones Royster. New Yourk: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 124-126. Print.

Is college For Everyone Essay

Since the first GI Bill was passed after World War II universities have been steadily increasing. Currently there are more than 4000 college like institutions in the United States. Public policy has been making higher education more reachable for example by creating federal student loan programs so everyone has a chance to attend college. But recently we have seen the cost of a four year degree drastically increase because Americans are seeing college as an obligation. â€Å"On â€Å"Real Education†Ã¢â‚¬  Robert T. Perry argues that we need more university and community college graduates. â€Å"Is College for Everyone† Pharinet is arguing that college is not for everyone. He states that there is too many students enrolled in school that don’t belong there. Roberts’s essay â€Å"On â€Å"Real Education†Ã¢â‚¬  is more persuasive because, not only did his writing appear on InsideHigherEd. com making him a more credible author but also because he argues his stance on college is for everyone using statistics and a believable explanation to back them up. The US Department of Labor has reported that America needs more college graduates to keep up with all the other nations in the global economy. Robert states that by the end of the presidents first term, which is already over, that The US will have 3 million more jobs that require bachelor’s degree and we don’t have enough college graduates to fill them. We need more health care workers, teachers, software engineers and manufacturing jobs, all of which require college. Those whom choose not to go to college have much fewer employment options. Robert makes a strong point when he says that American companies are looking for new ways to compete, and because of this without some sort of secondary degree you will have consistent struggle to pay for just the basic to live. Robert grabs the reader’s consideration through the use of pathos, saying that additionally people with postsecondary degrees tend to be more healthy, more engaged in their community, a decreased chance of being involved in crime, more productive throughout there working life, and even more philanthropic. Pharinet thinks that the most common issue with college is that students are not yet ready for the academic and financial challenges. He claims that students find themselves trying to work full time and do to school full time and before long students decide they need to work and drop their status to a part time student. Through the use of pathos Pharinet asks his readers to consider a very valid point, if college is for everyone then why do we rely on SAT scores and high school transcripts? And why doesn’t every school have an admissions policy? Then followed those questions with the answer that college is not for everyone. There is no real desire for learning. Individuals just go to college to earn a degree to settle down into a job with decent pay. Using pathos again Pharinet explains that when this kind of person enters the work force are they going to lack motivation in there career because of the only reason for wanting the career was for the money. When comparing these to essays, you can clearly see that there are two completely different beliefs. Robert believes that college is for everyone where Pharinet believes that college is not for everyone. Robert had a more persuasive argument because he established a good ethos, Robert uses facts and professional opinions to back his argument, whereas Pharinet uses his own personal opinions to create his blog. Robert uses much more logos then he does pathos, Pharinet used much more pathos then he did logos. Neither of the writings use firsthand experience, we don’t know whether or not Pharinet and Robert went to college. I found both the organization and use of evidence effective in both essays. Both essays use good strong points to back up their arguments and both essays were persuasive.

Framework for Assessing the UK Toy and Game Industry Term Paper

Framework for Assessing the UK Toy and Game Industry - Term Paper Example The paper will describe the uses of a framework for penetrating in the retail toy segment of the United Kingdom. The company chosen for the paper is Mattel which is one of the biggest toy-producing companies internationally. The objective of the paper is to illustrate the opportunities served by the foreign market and measure the market efficiency for Mattel to launch its own retail outlet in the UK. Framework for Assessing the UK Toy and Game Industry In order to develop a framework, one needs to understand the vital aspects of business which are competitors, purchasers, suppliers, substitute products and market risks. Assessing these aspects can be beneficial to assist in developing an understanding of the competitive situation and the strengths of the competitive position in which Mattel desires to shift itself. With clear understanding of where its strengths are preserved, Mattel can take the advantages of its competencies to recover its condition of weakness and evade from taking risky strategies. Developing a framework is helpful for recognizing whether the products of Mattel have the ability to strengthen its foothold in the UK market. However, the framework must be quite instructive to identify the impression of competitors’ power, purchasers, suppliers and substitute products in the foreign market environment along with the market size, costs of entry, channel of distribution, and awareness of customers (Arnold, D., â€Å"Mirage of Global Markets: How Globalizing Companies Can Succeed as Markets Localize†). Competition among Organization The areas which will be covered under this topic are industry growth, concentration of competitors and level of differentiation in toy products. Industry Growth The toy market of the UK has numerous product groups with various opportunities and threats for foreign companies. The toy market segment comprises introduction of new technology into traditional toy-making process as a major drift (Euromonitor International, â€Å"United Kingdom - Entering the Toys Market†). The recent day phenomenon of business conditions can be observed to be partly ruled by strong competition from foreign toy producers which seek to gain bigger share in the local market. The demand of new toys at the production level has impacted by the fragile progress of disposable income of people in the UK. The low disposable income has decreased the spending power of customers and increased the

Nayar of India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nayar of India - Research Paper Example sibly the most important feature of the Nayar community is their matrilineal mode of kinship, which is exceptionally unique and has been a well centered point of discussion for many acclaimed writers and authors for years. Thirdly, this paper attempts to look at the gender relations and equity. Due to the matrilineal mode of kinship, and the existence of Taravads (joint family system dominated by women), the inheritance of property and kinship is extremely diversified and showing that Nayar men have a tendency to support their sisters’ children than their wives’ children and Nayar women have separate residence to their husbands as the men usually live with their mothers or sisters. This feature of women liberalism and independence has made the Nayar women stronger financially than any other caste in India. Lastly, the paper concludes by through light on all the aspects and features of Nayar community in general. Nayar caste is one of the biggest castes in the southern part of India enriched with a diverse history and culture. It is not just a religion, a belief or name of a community but an amalgamation of different cultures and beliefs. Globally acknowledged due to their unique matrilineal way of kinship, the Nayars are often known as pride of southern India. They are sometimes mistaken as Kashatriyas, which is due to the Nayar women related to the Kashatriya men and bore their children and hence acquired this status but initially they were not part of the Kashatriyas. As this is beautifully explained by V. Balakrishnan (1982) as: ‘In the pre-British period, Nairs were responsible for maintaining order. In the administration of the land also, they had a prominent place. The matrilineal system of inheritance helped to keep the land of the family intact. Also, marriage of the womenfolk of the family to kings, local Kashatriyas and powerful Nambudiris non-Malayali Brahmins, increased their power’. Though complicatedly related to Aryans and Malayalams due

Women in Chinese society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Women in Chinese society - Essay Example The influence of Chinese women of the Later Empire depended on their knowledge of collective ethos and their ability to appeal to the power of the communities. The changes made by women often could have affected their individual lives or those of their close relatives only indirectly, through the mediation of the institutes of the society. The most significant example is widows who ended their lives for the societal ideals, so that the relatives of such women could have been rewarded3. Even without equality with men, Chinese women occupied a significant place in the ethical system of the country. They could have had influence when they accepted the existing laws. However, sometimes they dared to oppose laws or use them cunningly against more powerful members of the society. Thus, the firstsection of this paper deals with the consequences of acceptance of women’s place in the Chinese social system; the second section is dedicated to the means to empowerment in rare cases of women’s resistance to dominant ethical norms. The title comes from the story of Widow Wu from the section â€Å"Women and the Problems They Create†4 about a woman rewarded for her chastity, hard work, and humble behavior. It is remarkable that this was the supreme spiritual authority that rewarded widow Wu, not the society. The widow was just supported, not given extra money for pleasure; her private life also did not change at all. Still, she had more significant achievement: namely, she reached the ethical ideal which was relevant for the representatives of all genders and social classes. In Chinese society, neither women nor men were treated as independent subjects valuable for their individuality, like it would be in Western countries. It follows from â€Å"Family instructions† that young girls and boys were equally part of territorial and generational unity; they had to be loyal to family and performed irreplaceable

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR - RESTORATIVE JUSTICE VICTIM OFFENDER MEDIATION, Essay

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR - RESTORATIVE JUSTICE VICTIM OFFENDER MEDIATION, POSITIVE IMPACT, CONSIDERATION OF VICTIMS IN CJS, NEGATIVE IMPACT, DOES RESTORATIVE JUSTIC - Essay Example Punishment and penal institutions, which, ideally, should be the answer to this malady, seem to produce an angrier, undesirable convicts more likely to become recidivists. Judicial systems and policy makers are, thus, under public pressure to find alternatives to traditional justice systems. Ruth Morris (1994) explains that a shift to alternative models is practical because, first, it is expensive to maintain prisons and finally, incarceration and punishment is unjust and immoral. â€Å"Our retributive justice system is based on a spirit of revenge which does not satisfy the primary healthy needs of victims, offenders, or society.† (Morris, 1994) One of the emergent alternatives to traditional justice systems is the restorative justice model. Currently, it is being integrated and used in criminal justice systems of some countries like the United Kingdom. Restorative justice, according to Les Davey, Director Real Justice United Kingdom and Ireland (March 2005), are the processes that respond to crime and wrongdoing by involving victims, offenders and their communities of care, that is, their family and friends. â€Å"Restorative Justice centers around hearing what harm a crime has caused, and finding the best way to address that harm.† (Mediation) Paul McCold, et. al. (May, 1998) coined the words â€Å"full restorative† if all the participants are involved in the process, â€Å"mostly restorative† if there are two stakeholders and â€Å"partly restorative† if there is only one party involved. â€Å"Restorative justice sometimes happens in the context of a courtroom, and sometimes within a community or nonprofit organization. In the courtroom, the process might look like this: For petty or first-time offenses, a case may be referred to restorative justice as a pretrial diversion, with charges being dismissed after fulfillment of the restitution agreement. In more

The Green Anaconda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Green Anaconda - Essay Example The Eunectus marinus, also known as the ‘’Green Anaconda’’ is the best know of these species. Possibly lizard posterity, these snakes contain hints of pelvic and hind limbs. The workings of an Anaconda’s body are mostly unknown, with only theories concerning the two working lungs present inside it in contrast to the usual elongated one (Pinney, 1991). The Green Anaconda is usually found inside rivers, marshes and lakes in South America predominantly in the basins from Venezuela to Argentina. In some places, they also live in flooded grasslands. In dry weather, they seek refuge in caves. Their skin color helps them to camouflage themselves in the river’s contents. These anacondas are excellent swimmers and keep to their territory, which varies during the year (National Geographic, web). The Green Anaconda is built to best overcome its prey. Its lean, strong body coils around its victim, squeezing them until they die of suffocation. The muscle b ones are somewhat relaxed, the lower jaw and the upper jaw not joined and the surrounding muscles powerful, enabling the anaconda to swallow victims larger than normally possible. The thick skin and the razor sharp teeth that turn towards the back of its mouth leave the prey helpless against this deadly predator. The teeth’s function is hardly biting down or even gnawing, they are a means of trapping the prey (Thorbjarnarson, 1995). The Green Anaconda is believed to be a patient predator, mainly hunting in water bodies. It estimates the size of its victim by contrast with the size of its mouth. With only its eyes and mouth above water, the anaconda senses its prey through vibrations occurring though the water. Once its victim is close enough, in order to keep it in place, the anaconda bites it, quickly coiling its large body around it in order to suffocate and then, swallow its meal. When the anaconda squeezes its victim, it simultaneously breaks their spine or neck. The Anac onda’s usual victims are deer, pigs, turtles and sometimes, jaguars (Murphy, 1997). These victims are swallowed completely. Owing to the Green Anaconda’s slow metabolism, this snake can survive for as much as a few months. The length of time is decided by the size of its prey. This phenomenon has allowed the anaconda to survive in droughts and famines. On the other hand, food is not the only motivation for hunting. Hunting is considered to be correlated with successful mating (Pinney, 1991). The Eunectus marinus’s mating is very complex. Pheromones are secreted by the female in order to attract the male. A group of males gather around one female during the end of the March. An accumulation of males (even as many as twelve) form a ‘’mating ball’’. Shallow waters usually host the call for these. Male anacondas try inserting their hemipenes, into the female’s cloaca. In preparation for copulation, the male anacondas also try famili arizing themselves with the female anaconda’s smell. Once a male manages to insert a waxy plug in the female’s cloaca, she is prevented from further fertilization (Rivas, 2001). Once pregnant, the female can no longer feed for as long as she carried the offspring, which can be as long as six to seven months. The eggs of an Anaconda hatch within the female and come out as in their normal physical form. The eggs can be up to one hundred. The Anaconda does not portray any parental inclinations. The closest

Why They Didnt Teach Us in Sales Classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why They Didnt Teach Us in Sales Classes - Essay Example One month is a very short period to comprehend all these aspects. Therefore, it won't be a wise decision on the part of Rick to give up at this juncture. It is quite shocking to see how Mr. Brown responded to the distress call from Rick. The response can at best be termed callous and irresponsible. If Mr. Brown had taken the call from Rick and told him to take it easy and wait for the rains to stop, Rick would've felt quite at ease. Such a gesture would not only boost the morale of Rick but it would in the long run help the company in attaining better sales figures. Mr. Brown must take into consideration that; Rick is recently married. Though, for a company it means nothing, but if we take into account the humanitarian aspect, Mr. Brown must have taken this aspect into account as well. Effectively managing the Human Resources and developing this resource into a competitive advantage forms the core component of globalization. Therefore, an ideal response from Mr. Brown would've been, if there's no sign of the rain stopping, the Rick must head home for the day and instead take up the leftover assignment next day. Subsequently, in the coming days, Mr. Brown should train Rick in handling such situations in a better manner. Sales divisions of many companies are the ones with high turnover ratios on account of challenging working conditions and sales targets. In order to retain the workforce and reduce the turnover rates amongst new sales personnel, the company can; Announce attractive incentive schemes for different sales targets. This would certainly involve some cost, but this cost would be much less than the additional cost burden involved in recruiting and training newer personnel. Sales people have very hectic schedules which often results in disturbing their family lives. Therefore, if the company is able to provide some periodic family get-together opportunities as well for the sales people, it would go a long way in boosting their motivational levels. Training and development of the sales personnel is a must, because they are the ones who have to handle different types of situations, meet people of different temper and tastes etc. Q4: What can firms do to increase salesperson status It is indeed in the best interest of the company if the sales-personnel feel proud of their status in the company, in the society, amongst the fellow workers and in the market. Irrespective of the nature and specialisation of company, it can be said for sure that, 'people' form the core of its activities and therefore, the behaviour and character of these very 'people' will affect the overall functioning and character of the organisation. The performance level of this workforce in turn depends upon the types of motivations provided by the organisation. In order to improve the status of the salesperson the company can; Delegate some leveraging and bargaining power in the market, so that in a scenario like the one mentioned in the case study, the sales team is able to offer something to their existing distributors/ retailers for them not

5 TD OBM Resistance to Change Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

5 TD OBM Resistance to Change - Coursework Example The challenge was based on the difference in the cultural patterns. The country where the site and office was installed, English was not the First Language and the locals there had difficulties comprehending English for communication and professional purposes. Other obstacles that were faced included the new environment, new trends, new culture and new people surrounded. The overall environment was such that the entire project had to be started from scratch. It was a new challenge with new goals, obstacles and objectives. We as the organization had to win the hearts of the people, and satisfy the government in terms of the local labor relationship and other basic elements. The initial resistance was due to the fear and lack of experience in the different countries. If I were the C.E.O I would take upon the technological change in an incremental manner. I would introduce trainings and other official programs. A step wise transition and transfer from currently established setup to new technology would be phased out which would allow for preventing any imbalance in the

Riordan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Riordan - Essay Example In the case of Riordan Manufacturing, diversity is important since it will ensure that the firm creates a positive image on the eyes of the public as well governments (Douglas, 2007). In this way, it will benefit from the support of all the stakeholders. Fostering of ethical culture is another aspect that will significantly impact on RM. For example, the company management team will foster ethics that ensures ethical collaboration that entails holding themselves as well as other accountable. Similarly, the company will start executing its own resolutions to the problems they are facing. In this way, the sense of responsibility will be enacted in the firm thus enhancing the level of motivation among the employees. Through the expansion strategies that the Riordan Manufacturing will adopt, the firm will effectively reach its customers. This implies that the customers will not waste a lot of time travelling long distances to look for their brands. As a result, RM will benefit from strong positive customer brand relationship. The measurement helps in ensuring competitive advantage in various ways. Based on the stiff competition in the Northern America, it is imperative that companies come up with ways of addressing the competition. On the part of Riordan Manufacturing, reduction of lead times for example through the use of freight for small shipments and establishing outlets near the customers will ensure that the firm faces its competitors effectively. Additionally, by improving the transportation strategies, the business will eliminate the delays that are experienced by other customers who are loyal to the competitors. In this way, the company will enjoy strong positive relationship with its customers. Based on the fact that Riordan Manufacturing aims at entering Hermosillo, Mexico the company will employ new employees with a different racial background. This means that

Love Poetries Essay Example for Free

Love Poetries Essay Personal Advertisement I am currently in the most enjoyable stage of my life where I wish to find the best person to share it with me. I am passionate with everything I do and I wish to share that passion with someone who knows how to live a passionate life too. I am the Man in the â€Å"Love Poem† I consider myself to be the narrator in John Frederick Nims’ Love Poem because it immensely reflects my current feelings for a particular person. Nims refers to his lover as his â€Å"clumsiest dear,† (Nims, 2003, p. 67) which quite bears a resemblance on the nature of my own special someone. His subject’s palms are compared to the â€Å"bulls in china, burs in linen, / And have no cunning with any soft thing† (Nims, 2003, p. 67). This metaphor that insinuates roughness and clumsiness also reflects some of the characteristics of my lover. Being a â€Å"Misfit in any space. And never on time. † (Nims, 2003, p. 67) surely creates an image of a person entirely different than other people. He or she does not always fit in any common group of people and is expected to break most rules. However, like the narrator’s last two lines in the fourth stanza, â€Å"In traffic of wit expertly manoeuvre / And keep us, all devotion, at your knees. † (Nims, 2003, p. 67), I still find myself adoring him for his remarkable wisdom. Simply put, despite all the imperfections of this particular person, I still love him or her without any doubt. Stage of Love in â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† In Blanche Farley’s parody of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the woman and the blonde guy are obviously in a â€Å"getting to know† stage as suggested by the last line on the first stanza where the blond is initially referred to as â€Å"the new guy† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ). However, it is also important to consider that the relationship in this poem does not only include the woman and the blonde but also Jack whom the woman has been with for a long time. This is validated on the 3rd and 4th line of the second stanza where the narrator introduces him as, â€Å"the other, jack, had a claim / On her already . . . / He understood her. His long, lithe frame† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ). Hence, it is clear that there are two stages of love in this poem in dependence to whose relationship in the love triangle we are speaking about. Two Figurative Languages that Compares the Love in â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† The first figurative language is a metaphor that speaks of the new guy’s physical description as â€Å"smooth as a yellow wood† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ). His physical beauty is compared to that of the yellow wood which can mean several things like the end of summer or the beginning of fall which can also be considered to be nice to look at. Perhaps, it can be a literal comparison of the man’s smoothness to a smooth yellow tree. The second comparison is on the first line of the second stanza. The narrator’s statement â€Å"She liked his hair,† (Farley, 1937. n. p. ) obviously compares the superficial relationship of the woman and the blonde. If one would deeply analyze, the attraction of the woman to the blonde is too superficial or simply physical. Liking his hair and smile obviously just symbolizes her extreme lust for the blonde guy that she is actually willing to risk her long-term relationship with a complete stranger who has a beautiful smile and hair. The Lover Not Taken is Most Likely Doomed to Misery As for my opinion, guilt leads a person to misery. In this poem’s case, it is most likely for the woman’s relationship with Jack to be miserable if guilt would consume the woman’s relationship with him. Honesty and loyalty to a partner are two of the most important elements that determine the stability of a relationship. However, since this poem consists of two relationships of a particular woman; the answer would still depend on whom she would end up with. If she ends her relationship with Jack and start a new one with the blonde, there is a possible occurrence of a â€Å"happily ever after story†. On the other hand, if she stays with Jack and continues her affair with the blonde guy, it is most likely to end up in misery. The Tone of â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† By analyzing the atmosphere being suggested on the first stanza of the poem, â€Å"And, mulling it over, long she stood, / Alone on the road, loath / To leave, wanting to hide in the undergrowth. † (Farley, 1937. n. p. ), the initial seriousness of the narrator’s tone is evident. There is too much concentration on the woman’s part as she mulls over her future decision whether to have an affair with another man or not. However, the tone changed abruptly on the last two lines where she suddenly stopped contemplating on which decision to make by taking the fast way home and phoning the blonde. Setting of â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† Obviously, this poem is inspired by Robert Frost’s famous poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† which tackles the difficulty of deciding what path to choose in life. However, Farley similarly illustrates the difficulty of making decisions by pointing out a particular situation such as being torn between two lovers. Like Frost’s original piece, a person is facing a certain road pondering about a situation he or she needs to handle. By basing the setting and theme on Frost’s poem, Farley has further emphasized the central message of Frost’s poem. Since, it is inspired by Frost’s â€Å"Road Not Taken†, it is important to consider not only why it is set in that particular setting but more importantly why Farley chose Frost’s poem to communicate her own message. References Farley, B. (1937). The Lover Not Taken. Geocities. Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http://www. geocities. com/cailinliet/lover. html Nims, F. (2002). The Love Poem. Master the GED language arts, reading 2003. New Jersey: Petersons.

Global warming affecting fashion industry

Global warming affecting fashion industry Global Warming Affecting Fashion Industry According to an interesting article in Australias The Age, global warming is wreaking havoc on the clothing industry. In many parts of the world, there just isnt as much difference between the seasons anymore and overall the trend is towards warmer weather. The clothing industry relies on delineated seasons to sell different types of apparel. But if you can wear flip flops all year long (and not just in Southern California), clothing sales will drop. Warmer weather also affects the type of fabrics designers use and the styling. It is forcing fashion houses to ditch traditional seasonal collections for transeasonal garments that may lead to a drastic overhaul of fashion show schedules and retail delivery dates. The whole fashion system will have to change, Beppe Modenese, founder of Milan Fashion Week, told The New York Times last week. The fashion system must adapt to the reality that there is no strong difference between summer and winter any more You cant have everyone showing four times a year to present the same thing. People are not prepared to invest in these clothes that, from one season to the other, use the same fabrics at the same weight. Mr Modeneses comments came as New York fashion retailers blamed a prolonged Indian summer for poor autumn sales. Who needs a woollen pea coat when it is 30 degrees-plus? So worried are some fashion houses about the impact climate change is having on the way we dress and shop, they are calling in the climate experts. The Wall Street Journal reported last month that American retail giant Liz Claiborne Inc had enlisted a New York climatologist to speak to 30 of its executives on topics ranging from the types of fabrics they should be using to the timing of retail deliveries and seasonal markdowns. Other US fashion retailer giants, including Target and Kohls, have also started using climate experts to plan their collections and schedule end-of-season sales. And from January, Target will sell swimwear year-round. Closer to home, fashion designers say they are increasingly designing transeasonal collections using lighter- weight fabrics for a more temperate climate and readjusting their in-store delivery dates in line with the unpredictable seasons. Theres really no such thing as defined autumn/winter and spring/summer collections any more, says Margaret Porritt, of Melbourne fashion label Feathers. A lot of my garments are more transeasonal and rather than dropping them into store twice a year like I used to, I tend to move things in and out of store every couple of weeks, depending on the weather. Things were different when she started the business 35 years ago. Back then winter went into store in mid-January and summer in mid-June and that was it. There was nothing in between. I also used a lot more heavier wools and made great big heavy coats. I cant do that anymore; it just doesnt get cold enough, even here in Melbourne. They just dont sell. Its true that we dont buy as much heavy winter clothing as we used to, now that we think about it. And our boot purchases have also tapered off, which is a shame since we adore boots. But unlike Mary-Kate Olsen, we just cant wear sweaters, coats and boots on an 80 degree day. We adore winter clothes: cashmere sweaters, fabulous boots, wonderful hats and a gorgeous coat all make an appearance after the first frost. The thought of living year round in shorts is appalling to us. We may have to consider moving north in the future. Wednesday, February 07, 2007 10:51 posted by BlogMeister Anxiety, Addiction and Depression Treatments American Fashion Industry Issues, Fails to Enforce Health Guidelines New Yorks February fashion week is one of the industrys most lavish, celebrated events. Amid the lights, parties and big names, it would seem to be very easy to forget the issue that has wracked fashion for the past year: the increasing prevalence of eating disorders among models and the young women they influence. Where Spains Association of Fashion Designers passed a ruling to forbid the participation of models with BMIs lower than 18 (the World Health Organization states that 18.5 or below is underweight) and asserted that display clothes be no smaller than size 8 (the average American woman wears size 14), the Council of Fashion Designers of America issued a statement containing general guidelines but no plans for direct enforcement. Among their suggestions: There should be no models under 16 and no work after midnight for models 18 and younger; the consumption of cigarettes and alcohol on location should be forbidden; statements on the early signs of eating disorders should be officially issued to those in the industry; models identified as suffering from eating disorders should be required to receive professional help; the industry should develop workshops designed to address the impact of eating disorders and the negative effects of smoking; organizers should provide healthy snacks backstage during shows. Glaringly absent from this list are any mentions of body mass or plans for enforcing the guidelines proposed within. While designer-sponsored press releases and conferences convey some degree of responsibility on the industrys behalf, they ultimately amount to little beyond empty attempts to satiate the publics desire for some form of regulation. Designers attempt to shift blame to the modeling agencies themselves which, they argue, serve as the mother(s) of the models. The idea that these agencies should control the eating habits of their models while designers continue to showcase remarkably small clothing is difficult to rationalize. In another flaccid attempt to deflect criticism, the organizations executive director claims that A lot of the girls who work the runway are genetically thin. You go backstage and you see a lot of girls eating a lot of food and theyre not gaining weight. Statements like these strain credibility, and many eating disorder advocates are not satisfied wi th the measures taken thus far, believing that PR campaigns and suggested guidelines constitute an insufficient response to a very serious problem. In a society where more than 80% of ten-year old girls describe a fear of getting fat and one in two fourth graders are currently on some kind of diet, those who are even indirectly responsible for shaping the popular conception of beauty and body image need to reassess their own principles. After viewing photos of fashion models, 70% of young women described themselves as angrier and more depressed than they had been before. In surveys, three out of four women listed an ideal size at least 10% underweight. And despite the presence of eating disorders and body image issues across the social spectrum, most insurance companies hesitate to approve treatment for these conditions, essentially making the argument that the issue is not a matter of diagnosable disease but a faulty sense of self-control. Designers, advertisers and models themselves argue that they have no control over the state of their industry and the ideals it projects they simply go along with whatever sells at the time . Who, then, is responsible, if not the producers of the very images that encourage the epidemic? PR campaigns aside, consumers and public health advocates cannot tolerate this continued reassignment of blame. The fashion industry must own up to its pivotal role in the eating disorder debate and strictly enforce regulations designed to promote healthier, more realistic lifestyles. Category: Diet , Aging and Eating Disorders

Essence Of Decision A Review Politics Essay

Essence Of Decision A Review Politics Essay Graham Allisons Essence of Decision offered alternative conceptual models on foreign policy decision making and a specific discussion on the Cuban missile crisis; and has been one of the influential book in history of foreign policy analysis. It gives a significant contribution to political science study, as it has been heavily cited in most international relations textbook and also discussed by foreign policy analysts. However, despite the models strong influence in foreign policy study, it has been heavily criticised by foreign policy analysts about its utility and value in decision making analysis. In Essence of Decision, Allison proposes three different lenses that offers a multi-level analysis rather than a regular solely system-level to analyse foreign policy decision making. His first model, Unitary Government Model or Rational Actor Model (RAM) explain government as a black box, thus the internal actors have the same goals and opinion on how to achieve the goal. On the other hand, model II and model III will open the black box and discuss at two different things inside the box and later known as bureaucratic politics model. Model II or Organizational Process Model looks at the key organizational or agencies with their own function, mission and structure. Lastly, Model III or Governmental Politics Model will focus on key individual decision makers and the political bargaining process among them. Nonetheless, Allisons conceptual framework has been not only highly praised by foreign policy analysts, but also has been much criticised since its first edition. Number of criticism has risen regarding Allisons conceptual framework, ranging from its originality until the problem of evidences that have been used by Allison in explaining the Cuban Missile Crises. Conford and Horelick, for example, argue that Allisons model is not wholly original work, rather than it is developed from previous study. Moreover, another group of criticism have questioned the account of the Cuban Missile Crises that explained by Allison. Despite these two criticisms, there are number of criticism that will be discussed in the following section. By looking at number of criticism about Allisons model, there is a big question about the usefulness of the model in foreign policy decision making process analysis. This essay aims to evaluate the utility of Allisons conceptual policy in foreign policy decision making. This essay will also critically discuss each of the three models by looking from some perspectives. Moreover, taking into account that this essay relies on Allisons Essence of Decision, this essay will also look at the decision making process regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Allisons Conceptual Framework Model I: The Rational Actor (RAM) Model I is the basic yet critical conceptual framework that mostly utilized in foreign policy decision making analysis. RAM is the best model in explaining and predicting of an individual behaviour, as well as purpose generalization in states action. The model reduces the organizational and governmental political complications by looking at government as unified actor.  [1]  Thus, a complete-informed government -regarded as black box- will process information to optimize rational action. The internal structure within decision making process will calculate the potential pro and con and later rank all the options by their chance to succeed.  [2]   Its feature of being easy to utilize, RAM could be useful when a state has limited or even no available information about the enemy. Therefore, since it does not require information to analyse a case, RAM would be very suits in a crisis situation. It would safe more time since a state does not necessary do a complex evaluation about their enemy. Lastly, RAM that stresses interaction among states, will immediately produce prudent decision after considering the pro and con. Its simplicity in analysing a case makes RAM one of the popular methods in foreign policy decision making process. On the other side, some foreign policy analysts argue that in the real foreign policy formation, number of external and individual interest factor will eventually give a big impact. Moreover, RAM tends to ignore a large state with complex bureaucratic nature that has various kinds of departments with their own different political and ideological perspectives.  [3]  Therefore, along with the argument that intra-national factors are very importantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦yet critical when one is concerned with planning policy, Allison has proposed so-called, Bureaucratic Politics Model.  [4]   Model II: Organizational Process Difficulties will arise when the case that are going to be examined is not the behaviour of an individual or a state with simple bureaucracy model, but the behaviour of one organization or government with complex structure inside. Therefore, Allison provides two alternative conceptual frameworks that will open up the black box to evaluate internal structure inside the government, which is later known as Model II and Model III. Model II or Organizational Process Model focuses on the existing organization and their standard operating procedures (SOP) for gaining information, defining possible option and implementing programme.  [5]  Each organization has an agreement for both its mission and function. Afterward, series of program are developed to carry out those missions. In defining feasible option, Model II argues that it is restricted based on SOP that will enhance performance and efficiency. Moreover, Model II is not optimizing rational actor, as model I does, but rather, it is satisfying decision making actors. Its account that foreign policy outcomes are derive from bureaucratic programs, routines and SOP, makes number of advantage from this model. It emphasizes the important domestic political influences on process of foreign policy decision making that sometimes missed out from RAM. Therefore, model II reminds the analysts that the policy was formed not only by a high level decision-maker, but sometimes it is formed by organization.  [6]   Nevertheless, a set of criticism has arisen in the utility of model II. Its emphasis on organisational culture may ill-serve higher level officials and finally can lead to impair the analysts understanding of organizations and their behaviour.  [7]  Even though this kind of problem does not occur for most of the time, but we can take it as a consideration of the effectiveness of the model. Model III: Governmental Politics Governmental politics model or government bargaining model focuses on key individual decision makers with their great influence in deciding on organizational actor. Moreover, the model assumes that decision makers have different perceptions, priorities, commitments and also organizational positions (where you stand depends on where you sit). Therefore, model III assumes that governmental actions are the result of a political bargaining process among key players. Furthermore, bargaining and negotiation processes will result in satisfying rather than optimizing decision making result. It obviously explained because personal ambition of key actor may diverge from public policy position and may lead to personal power considerations when making decision. Between Allisons three conceptual frameworks, model III adds important detail about domestic politics that obviously, cannot be found in model I. In addition, model III not only explains the roles of key individuals, but it also explains why individuals are working at contrary purposes to the interest of the government as a whole. Lastly, model III gives us explanation why policy sometimes appears to be irrational if we look it from a unitary government perspective. Nevertheless, model III also received many critics, especially on the complexity of the model. It is focus on individual key actor that makes it difficult to study and analyse. Moreover, it requires too many variables, some variable are unknown and it is hard to apply for other countries with unclear bureaucratic politics inside. Criticism toward Allisons conceptual framework Allisons conceptual framework has been attacked by number of criticism, varying from the originality of the model, different interpretation of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the US political system, and also methodological criticism. As Stephen D. Krasner has argued that Allisons model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is misleading, dangerous, and compelling.  [8]  Therefore, in this section, number of criticism of Allisons model will be critically discussed and assessed. Some foreign policy analysts, such as, Cornford, Horelick, Ball and Art claimed that Allison did not present a pure brand new approach to analysing foreign policy process; but rather it just development from previous theories. Conford has claimed that organisational process mode is previously done by writers such as, Simon, March and Simon, Cyert and March.  [9]  Furthermore, Conford has claimed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Model IIIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is pure Neustadt.  [10]  Horelick et al.  [11]  supported Confords argument by suggesting that the bureaucratic model is closely related to previous work done by Kremlinologists.  [12]  Ball and Art  [13]  also mentioned names of analyst that originally make the bureaucratic policy model, such as Huntington, Hilsman, Schilling, and Neustadt.  [14]   Nevertheless, Allison has dedicated a section in his book to acknowledge previous scholars that become his foundation in developing his methods. He is fully aware that he utilizes and developed earlier scholars work as he mentioned in his book, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this encourages much repackaging of existing theoriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [15]  Therefore, he identifies a group of writers such as March and Simon, Barnard, Cyert and Simon and so on for foundation of model II.  [16]  Furthermore, Allison also acknowledged his intellectual debt to previous scholars that related to model III paradigm,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦model III variety have attracted increasing attention since 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the publication of Presidential Power by Richard E. Neustadt.  [17]  Hence, we could argue that Allisons originality does not lie in his model, but rather in his approach to apply his models consistently to one particular case study, the Cuban Missile Crisis.  [18]   Another criticism can be seen from methodological perspective; numbers of similarities between model II and model III have shaped ambiguity between those two models. In many occasions, some foreign analysts will combine model II and model III to analyse a case study, including Allison himself. In his article with Halperin, Allison combines those two models and become one major model the bureaucratic politics paradigm- as an alternative model to RAM.  [19]  As Conford argues that the three models is not totally incommensurable model to analyse foreign policy making process.  [20]  Therefore, even though Allison distinguishes three kinds of model in foreign policy analysis, those models is not easily separable in their actual application. In bureaucratic politics model, decision is not arise from one unitary actor, but through some bargaining between organisation structures with their own agenda. Model II and model III have identical characteristics that enable them to be grouped as bureaucratic politics model. The two models are similar in a sense that both models focus on departments and organizations inside the decision maker; however, it is slightly different, in a sense that, if model II will reach a decision through Standard Operation Program, model III will make a decision through bargaining between various players within government. Despite the insignificant difference between those models, they are usually combined as the bureaucratic politics model.  [21]   However, Caldwell has raised bureaucratic politics models major problem regarding the use of evidence and data. The model requires detailed data that hardly available in term of quantity and quality. In addition, Caldwell argued that there is huge possibility for analyst to imposing the model on the evidence rather than testing the model against it. Therefore, bureaucratic politics model has significant problem in analysing the data and evidence, since previous empirical problems show that data was made to fit the model.  [22]   Allisons alternative model has also been argued that it eliminated decision-makers responsibility toward the policy. The strong criticism has risen from Steel and Krasner, which argued that no one, even the President, holds responsibility of the policy as the outcome from bargaining process among bureaucratic groups. As Steel argued that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦where everyone is responsible for a decision, no one is responsible.  [23]  The same argument also comes from Krusnet who argued that bureaucratic politic eliminates the importance of election: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Elections are a farce not because the people suffer from false consciousness, but because public officials are impotent, enmeshed in a bureaucracy so large that the actions of government are not responsive to their will.  [24]  In contrast, Smith argues that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this criticism is only valid to the extent to which the President is unable to get his wishes carried out.  [25]  Therefore, the criticism from Ste el and Kranser is not applicable for all cases and need to be modified. Furthermore, following previous criticism, there is criticism about Allisons model utility to other countries. Even though Allison clearly points out his intention to present two additional frameworks to other countries foreign policy analysis (not only limited to the US and Soviet Unions policy making)  [26]  , a group of writers has argued the inability of the model to analyse foreign policy behaviour in other countries, to be precise, un-industrialized countries. As Hill has noted that there is a growing consensusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦over the inapplicability of the insights of Allison, et al. to foreign policy-making inside less modernised states.  [27]  Migdal has also argued that the model cannot be applied to the countries that do not have stability of organizational structure, routine, and even bargaining process.  [28]  Moreover, Brenner also argues that Allisons model is not a universal model and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦more distinctive in the United States than elsewhere.  [ 29]  Despite all criticisms regarding its utility to other countries, Weil has proved, in fact, the model could be utilised in the North Vietnamese foreign policy analysis. As Weil notes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦examining North Vietnamese foreign policy decision making from a governmental politics perspective complements understanding gained from a rational actor analysis.  [30]   Nevertheless, analists argued that the model is not even applicable to the Soviet Union, although the Soviet Union foreign policy has been heavily discussed in Essence of Decision. It is not only because the model requires more specific information than is available, but also as Dawisha has noted that the bureaucracy in some countries (e.g. the Soviet Union) is fundamentally different from its position in the United States because the persistent influence of the Communist Party.  [31]  Therefore, there is a doubt about the utility of Allisons model in other countries, as Wagner has pointed out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the extension of Allisons model III to other countries may be a less straightforward enterprise than he implies.  [32]   Singapores defence posture change in the early 1980s In the early 1980s, Singapore announces a major important change in its defence policy, from a defensively deterrent strategy (poisonous shrimp) to a more actively deterrent strategy (known as the porcupine). In an article done by Pak Shun Ng, he applies Allisons model to analyse Singapores domestic decision making process. Pak Shun Ng treats Singapore as unitary rational actor to utilizing model I (RAM); the military organisations as the unit of analysis for model II; lastly, the military and political party leadership (including senior military leaders and civilian leaders of Singapores ruling party, the Peoples Action Party (PAP)) as units of analysis for model III.  [33]  The article argues that model II and model III provide the most reasonable explanation of the change in Singapores defence position in the 1980s; while model I has failed to fully explain the change. Model II first reveals the appropriate development of both Singapores military capability and military planni ng ability. Furthermore, model III then prove details how the Singapore Armed Force (SAF) could announce the change convincingly to improve its stature among Singaporeans and foreigners by persuasive them that Singapore has appropriate capability to defend and survive any potential threat.  [34]  Even though the article heavily honours the utility of Allisons model, but it still proposes modification of the models in order to be able to analyse a decision making process in a small and non-western states under absence of crisis condition. Furthermore, the case study of Singapores policy making shows the evidence of model II and III complete each other and make one alternative model against RAM, namely, the bureaucratic politic model. Therefore, it supports the criticism that previously discussed that Allisons models, especially model II and III, have strong similarities and hardly separate. The utility of Allisons model also can be tested in the US foreign policy in Iran hostage crisis in 1979. The bureaucratic politics model is applicable in analysing the decision making process under President Carter administration. The key group in Carters government consisted of number individual who have important position in the executive branch, and also political outsiders that rarely well known, yet have close personal relations to the President. Within the key group that were known as the Georgia mafia, there are two closest advisors for the President; the chief of staff, Hamilton Jordan and Carters press secretary, Jody Powell. Even though these two advisors are not familiar in politic and foreign policy process, they were loyal and intelligent. When sixty American were taken hostage at the American embassy in Iran on 4 November 1979, the initial response from Carter is criticised to be quite slow. On 11 November, the US gave economy sanction by initiating embargo of Iranian oil. While the economy sanction was undertaken, there were ongoing debates about the next step dealing with the crisis. There were two major options; a commando raid to rescue hostages and outright air strikes and military blockades.  [35]  Here we can clearly see how each faction in the government has their own argument to propose to the President is clearly explained by Allisons bureaucratic politics model. A strong debate was occurred between Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance; National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brzenzinsky and Carters inner circle, Powell and Jordan. Vance was explicitly being in opposition to any military action after considering that American allies would not tolerate such behaviour. Therefore, he believed that the national security of the US could be maintained without endangering the lives of sixty American citizens.  [36]  On the other side, Brzezinsky strongly opposed military measure as the best means to protect Americas vital interests.  [37]  Moreover, the argument was supported by the director of the CIA, Stanfield Turner, after considering the CIAs best estimates that 60 percent of the hostages could be killed as a result of very complex rescue process. These two faction also argued that they are responsible for the national security, roughly 250 million Americans, and they couldnt simply compromised for the sake of sixty hostages. The final faction c ame from Carters inner circle, including Powell and Jordan, who were concern about the impact of Iran hostage crisis on upcoming election in 1981. The President concurred Vances opinion that a negotiated settlement would be the best for maintaining both national interest and national security. As the response of Carters decision, he received public support, which is important for the upcoming election. However, after considering the effectiveness of the plan, Powell and Jordan opposed the President for tough action against Iranians, again, in order to win the election. In the end, with strong pressure from some faction and absence of Vance in decision making process at the time, Carter called for an immediate military rescues on April 11. The military rescue plan ended in failure with crash of number of helicopters and planes; and killing eight US servicemen. Finally, in 1981s election, Reagan came into power and selesai lah sudah This illustrates the absence of one faction who opposes one specific argument could impact the decision making process as a whole.

Southwest case analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Southwest has made an organization out of providing low-fare, short haul routes between city pairs. It has concentrated specifically on offering low-fares on all of its flights by maintaining its no frills attitude and high frequency of flights. This has afforded Southwest Airlines with the lowest cost structure in the industry. Southwest has created a niche for itself by flying a network of flights between smaller U.S. cities that average just one hour apart. This has differentiated them from their competition and avoided many clashes with industry giants who concentrate more on coast-to-coast flights. Kelleher, who is the president, chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines is the companies single biggest asset and driving force. Kelleher runs the company very tightly and makes all the major decisions through a very centralized decision making process. This brings to light two potential problems. Firstly, how can a company such as Southwest airlines maintain such a centralized organi zation in the face of growth. Secondly, how is this company going to survive once Kelleher is no longer running it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem that Southwest Airline is facing, is how are they going to survive in an aggressive industry without Kelleher’s leadership. It is a significant problem as the company is a symbol of Kelleher. However, unlike the company, Kelleher has a limited life-span and therefore the company will likely outlive him. This problem therefore requires some urgency as the succession of Kelleher could be the airlines biggest problem. The consequences of Kelleher leaving could be that the company loses its corporate identity. Employees may not respond well to new management. Customers may perceive that the company will not be run in the same manner and will therefore lose its niche market. This could also apply to stakeholders, who will see the departure of Kelleher as a serious decrease in the value of the company. Competitors may also try to take advantage of the company during this unstable period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kelleher is the face of Southwest airlines, even going as far as starring in most of their TV commercials. He also personally maintains an excellent relationship with a virtually all-union workforce. He has single handedly given Southwest the lowest employees turnover rate in the industry. Kelleher’s personal motiva... ...with the reality of the firm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The implementation of this decision will require a marketing campaign that will be used to phase out Kelleher. The major resistance will be from the employees who will be fearful of new management. This will be addressed by the management team reinforcing the corporate strategies to the employees and reiterating the fact that Southwest airlines will remain the same company and the employees should expect things to stay the same. The ramifications of this plan is that power within Southwest could become to decentralized, therefore changing the core competencies of the firm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order for this plan to work it would require: Assembling a team to head the marketing campaign, restructuring of upper management, and decentralize decision making. The objective is to redefine and restructure the upper management in such a way that the loss of Kelleher is manageable. This plans effectiveness will be measured by employee and customer satisfaction throughout the transition. The project will be concluded when the new structure has been phased in and the reaction to Kelleher’s departure is under control.

Lenin And Problems After The October Revolution Essay -- History Histo

Lenin and Problems After the October Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The initial difficulties faced by the new Soviet Union were to severe that its survival seemed almost miraculous. The remains of the czarist regime left Lenin to face a country wrought with war, devastated economically. Russia's involvement in World War I, followed by its Civil War, wide spread famine and a change in political and social ideology were the problems confronting Lenin after the October Revolution. Lenin did succeed in ending both the war with Germany and the Civil War for Russia. Yet, the economic and social aspects of the revolution can be more critically assessed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenin knew the importance of ending Russian involvement in World War I. On March 3, 1918 Russia lost 1/3 of its fertile farm lands, 1/3 of its population, 2/3 of its coal mines and oil fields and 1/2 of its heavy industry to German peace terms. Though the treaty of Brest-Litovsk was harsh, the terms were annulled once the Allied powers defeated Germany. Lenin managed to end the war that had for so long depressed Russia's resources and morale. He succeeded in focusing on the severe internal problems of the new government, and in â€Å" saving the socialist republic† . One of the largest problems that Russia faced prior to the October Revolution was finally ended, though its effects were still to be felt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost immediately afterwards, in 1918, Civil War begins. The battling White Army divided amongst different leader...

Opinion Piece Romeo and Juliet Essay

There are so many wrong things about the love that Romeo and Juliet had. They said they loved each other, but I do not find that possible. For one thing, the love that Romeo felt for Rosaline was not love. Second, Shakespeare does not exactly explain love very well, or the definition of it. Thirdly, Juliet and Romeo were never in love, plain and simple. And fourthly, defining infatuation. Apparently, Shakespeare has mistaken love for infatuation in this play. First off, the ‘love’ that Romeo felt for Rosaline was definitely not actual love. He only strongly admired her from a distance, not being able to get closer. She never felt anything for him in return; it was never meant to be. But when Juliet came along, his feelings were strong enough to forget about Rosaline completely. Juliet was different; she actually had feelings for Romeo too. When Juliet had feelings for Romeo, Rosaline barely even knew he existed. When Juliet spent time with Romeo and cared for him even though she barely knew him, Rosaline could not have cared less. The fact that Romeo and Juliet’s families are enemies possibly might make the two teenagers want to be together more, to sort of rebel against their families’ ways. I mean, they are teenagers. Now, we have to go over defining love, because clearly it is not properly introduced in Shakespeare’s play. There is no specific way to know you’re in love, because if you actually are you should just know, and feel it. There’s no telling that a first love will never last. There is no rule that you can only be in love when you are a certain age. Anyone is capable of love. Teenage love is true too, and can be strong. Or at least, some is. You cannot say that a person is only in love when they feel certain things. It only matters that you do know the person somewhat well, and you strongly care about them. That they bring out a positive part of you or make you feel warm and fuzzy inside, and that you feel no need to hide your true self from them. Infatuation or admiration is NOT love. It’s like an extreme exaggeration of feelings. For example, say a girl who’s obsessed with a celebrity says she loves him. No, she is not. Because for one thing, she’s never even met the guy before–or gotten a chance to know him. So that is how it was with Romeo and Rosaline. Although, Romeo didn’t know Juliet very well either. Romeo and Juliet were never in love. It is plainly put. Everything happened too fast, the relationship moved too quickly which resulted in a tragedy. There was no time for them to get to know each other. Though you can fall in love quickly once you know who they are. But no, there was no time for that. They just had to get married quickly and leave the knowing each other for later. To love someone, you have to know them. Romeo never knew what Juliet’s favorite color was, or what her hobbies were. He never knew her fears, her favorite food, or her skills. Juliet never knew if Romeo liked poetry, music, or fighting. Though, obviously he did not. But did she ever know that? Maybe he was afraid of spiders. Who knew? Juliet barely had an idea. In order to love someone, you have to know at least something about them or their life or their personality. It is absurd. And in order for them to have a successful marriage, they would have to get to know each other pretty well first. You can not save that for later, marriage does not work that way. And what if, once they did get to know each other, they did not like each other at all? Say, if one was not what the other was expecting of a person. They might make each other mad all the time, and the relationship would come crashing down, only because they didn’t know each other first, before they went and got married. Infatuation. To define it more specifically, it is when you obsess over someone or something, saying you love it and adore it but you really don’t, you just don’t know it. You strongly admire that thing or person, and you love the idea of it being yours. So basically it’s a sense of possession you feel when you really want something and all you care about is having it. You become completely obsessed and that’s all you care about. So, evidently, Romeo was definitely infatuated with Rosaline, and he was infatuated with Juliet too, the only feelings Romeo ever felt for anyone was infatuation. Juliet and Romeo barely knew each other.

History Of The Paraprofessional Education Essay

There has been a long autobiography of statute law and alterations in educational doctrine that stomach influenced both the accountabilitys and the makings of paraprofessionals. ( whole 7 Reading . neodymium. parity. 1 ) The paraprofessional function is dramatic entirelyy critical presents because of these alterations and influences. Today, the keep of a paraprofessional is filled with extended undertakings and duties that stretch ut nearly beyond the boundaries of clerical work paraprofessionals in my sentiment are one of the most indispensable gateways, if you would, to the academic success of specific indispensabilitys pupils and to those that seek farther direction. How forever, since this was non ever the instance for paraprofessionals, a brief register of the paraprofessional function and attach toing Torahs of each date of reference of paraprofessional history is included in the following(prenominal) paragraphs. Read on.There are a figure of past events and associ ated Torahs that have force the function of the paraprofessional. To get down with, in the 1950 s impact rights for kids s counseling was good needed but non present. This academic inequality was based on racial segregation and a deficit in accredited instructors. Brown v. Board of cultivation of Topeka ( 1954 ) ch all(prenominal)enged the constitutes of the Apost little of academic racial prec at a timeption in a tribunal of natural law that resulted in a opinion for academic equality for all pupils. ( social unit 7 pole Study contain . neodymium. parity. 3 ) As for the remainder of the accredited instructors, paraprofessionals were recruited for otiose aid.Revolution peers change no contest what the circumstance. In the 1960 s a root motion in societal services, wellness attention, instruction, and employment brought away the alteration in rightful rest of many. Womans and the detested, the disables and the hapless insisted upon the aforementioned(prenominal) righ ts as the remainder of world and the wealthy. These demands resulted in the undermentioned Torahs and plans Civil Rights stage of 1964, school principal Start ( 1965 ) a plan for kids in the earliest phases of development that I am so grateful for, it offers a masses of support for runing from faculty members to wellness and health for kids who are alike(p) me when I was a kid ( you know, a small less fortunate ) . In the same epoch, The bare(a) and collateral instruction characterization of 1965 passed and urged parents to get hold of involved with the school and academic life of their kid or kids Title I plans established through this Act a increased instructional support of underlying accomplishments to deprived pupils. ( Unit 7 endorse Study Guide . neodymium. parity. 4 ) distillery in that same clip frame, thus far another jurisprudence was passed-Immigration and National Act Amendments of 1965-and alleviated certain judicial admissions on policies for in-mig ration. This Act caused an augmented demand for paraprofessionals in the schoolroom because of an profit in pupils with lingual communication and/or cultural barriers. A bilingual or multilingual paraprofessional was an lofty campaigner in conformity to this Act.Today, mountain with disablements are protected from favoritism because of the polished rights jurisprudence passed in the 1970 s. Section 504 of the vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 appointed equal chance rights for the mentally and physically disabled against favoritism in every aspect including the educational facet of society. ( Charmatz. Penn. neodymium. parity. 1 ) In sight of this new right, more paraprofessionals were needed. A year subsequently, the Equal teaching methodal Opportunities Act extended its range appear to pupils with linguistic communication and/or cultural barriers to acquisition, doing it obligatory for schools to facilitate these pupils therefore ensuing in the farther demand of exp ertness of paraprofessionals. The pedagogy for in all Handicapped barbarianren Act or Public Law 94-142 ( 1975 ) besides ask extra support of pupils with disablements, bit by bit increasing the demand for paraprofessionals thenceforth. ( Unit 7 Game Study Guide . neodymium. parity. 5 )A call for reformation of the needed criterions and teacher answerability arose later on a series of educational studies by a figure of governmental bureaus in the 1980 s. These studies were directed toward the quality of instruction and the boilersuit answerability of instructors for the expected criterions of their Plutos, and their instructional abilities. Simultaneously, instructors, the local school communities, and parents were encouraged to collaborate to look pupil larning abilities and failings, wellness and physical challenges in order to find which larning plans are the outgo to integrate in the school s course of study. The National Resource core for Paraprofessionals and the Co uncil of Exceptional Children besides supported unified course of study and criterions for paraprofessionals and their supervisors. ( Unit 7 Game Study Guide . neodymium. parity. 6 )The Immigration Act of 1990 besides contributed to the addition in paraprofessionals, particularly those that were culturally diverse. The Ameri usher outs with Disabilities Act mandated adjustments for pupils and workers with disablements. Persons with Disabilities Education Act, a reauthorization of the Education of all Handicapped Children Act ( reauthorized twelvemonth 1997 ) . literal acknowledgment of the paraprofessional function, developing specifications and appropriate administrate specifications of the paraprofessional function were identified, clarified, and mandated. ( Unit 7 Game Study Guide . neodymium. parity. 7 )In the twelvemonth 2001, the ill-famed No Child Left Behind Act ( erstwhile known as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act ) focused a batch on the countries of inst ruction that leave behind assist increase the academic standing of pupils with and without disablements, every bit good as for the economically advantaged and disadvantaged, and for the behaviorally, mentally, and physically challenged. In 2004, the Persons with Disabilities Education Act was one time once more reauthorized, this clip as the Education of all Handicapped Children Act ( reauthorized twelvemonth 1997 ) made important alterations in the undivided Education Plans ( IEPs ) for kids with particular demands and larning disablements. These alterations once more, resulted in the increased demand for paraprofessionals. ( Unit 7 Game Study Guide . neodymium. parity. 8 )Nowadays, as a consequence of all the history of the paraprofessional, paraprofessionals I able and necessary to further help all pupils that need excess aid. Undertakings that a paraprofessional washbasin call in to carry through are transporting out remedial lessons, helping pupils with disablements in t ransitional plans, of class copying documents and rating documents, they back end anticipate to assist maintain up with schoolroom visual aspect and help the oversing instructor in lesson planning excessively, they can besides anticipate to work in a figure of topographic points like in traditional schoolroom scenes, in remedial acquisition categories, and transitional categories, they can anticipate to chaperone kids on knowledge domain trips along with many other undertakings and duties. All in all, the significance, day-to-day undertakings, and duties of the paraprofessional function have changed enormously, as a consequence of a long history of alterations and reforms to the Torahs and plans in educational history.

Environmental Issue Essay

Poor counteract solicitude is one of the major puzzles that engage Brobdingnagian social-ecological and economic negative do on a global scale. This has resulted from the fast growth of the urban centers which system the main source of nullifys and its poor charge by the respective authorities. Indeed, over 90% of the total major cities glob each(prenominal)y have problems related to waste prudence (Bureau of National Affairs, 2007).However, cities in the third world economies ar affected more by the problem than those in developed countries. Urgent measures are because needful to maneuver the problems and therefore guarantee ecological sanctitude and social integrity of the affected systems. Use of qualitative and quantitative selective information Addressing the problem of the wastes in the urban regions demands the collection of actual information to establish the crystallise methods and ways that lowlife be ingestiond to address the problem.Taking into fri set asideship that the problem has escalated over a long period of time, use of qualitative data would take into account the relevant descriptive information for the waste and therefore aid in de confinesining the vanquish modes of addressing the problem (Toma, 2008). gass from the cities drive pop out be qualitatively categorise as hale and runniness wastes. The data can further be descriptive of the biodegradable wastes, pliant wastes, pharmaceutical wastes, and sharps. Quantitatively data on the different hand would be very essential in understanding various quantities of the qualitatively categorized wastes. instinct the statistics provides the respective authorities with the relevant information that can assist them in determining the mode they would use in countering the same problem. Chemical treatment of unstable wastes is sustainable and more trenchant for smaller quantities of liquid wastes while use of aerobic lagoons is better for big quantities. Besides, under standing the quantity of reusable materials in solid wastes makes it easier to calculate the economic returns of the recycled products (Toma, 2008).Hypothesis scientific plow forms the outdo system for providing the solution of waste management in the cities. With the problem of the waste being a major source of ecological and social problems globally, it demands a holistic approach that appreciates the complexity of the issue and therefore provide the best possible solution. It is worth noting that scientific method of addressing the problem is based on factual information that is qualitatively and quantitatively derived.Therefore, will be able to assess and address actual problem affecting the people and the ecological systems. All aspects of urban wastes are scientifically derived and science only would assure them on the same tone to establish means of reducing their effects (Worldwatch Institute, 2009). Socially, addressing the problem using scientific methods aid in ensur ing that As a result, it has the major power to link the cause and consequences of the negative effects of the wastes and provide a long term solution to them. terminalWith the pollution problem threatening to get out of hand in the major cities, it has become significant to address it in a sustainable mode. Scientific procedure will therefore be the best mode due to its thoroughness and intrinsic capacity to compose the problem. The demand for cleaner and healthier environment over the years has increased greatly globally. Therefore, taking into consideration that the urban centers are growing faster than every other period in history, scientific serve well seeks to address the waste problem holistically at all levels.Most of the international considerations standardized Basel convention of 1989 and the unify Nations Conference on Environment and Development of 1992 have called for scientific approaches to address the problem. The scientific process calls for effective con sideration of the wastes from the point of production to disposal. Besides, it emphasizes on step-down of wastes at the source and application of the best systems that reduces its effects to the people and the natural systems (Worldwatch Institute, 2009).It demands for recycling of all the recyclable waste materials in the wastes a notion that goes a long way in improving the resources utility. finished use of the life cycle analysis/ end of pipe system, wastes are slowly turning into unprecedented resources to be used in other areas like conditioning farms, irrigation, and making building bricks. Notably, the scientific process demands that cooperation be instituted at all levels of the waste management to harmonize the process and ensure long term sustainability.Finally, the scientific process sets effective standards that should be find by waste producers and managements, and monitoring systems to ensure compliance. course credit listBureau of National Affairs, (2007). Intern ational environment reporter current report. Washington, D. C. Bureau of National Affairs. Toma, V. (2008). Waste Management Research Trends. Basel Nova Publishers. Worldwatch Institute, (2009). State of the World 2009 Into a Warming World. London W W Norton & Co Inc.

Compare and Contrast Key Perspectives in Psychology Essay

genial lore liter eithery means the attempt of the sagacity, trans tardyd from antiquated Grecian as psyche, substance judging or nous and logia, heart and soul debate. The virtu exclusively in ally blameless exposition of psycho synthetical acquisition is that it is the science of fountainhead and behavior (Collin et al, 2011). psychological science evolved from ism and stand be go come for struggled suffer to the duration of ancient Greek philosophers, very very some(prenominal) durations(prenominal)(prenominal) as Plato and Aristotle (325 BCE). regarding the record of subjects some(prenominal)(prenominal) as the memory, vistas and the sureness, did non authorize psychological science a standal 1 science, alternatively it was mooted as a ca-ca of philosophic speculations. psychological science became a separate, scientific decline in the late societyteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate.The pieces start-off contemplational sc ience laboratory of psychological science was founded in 1879 by Wundt. As umpteen a(prenominal) philosophers and scientists tested to let off the home(a) domain of a per countersign (psyche) since ancient dates, umpteen a(prenominal) identify perspectives of forward-looking psychological science appe ard as a result. These profound perspectives admit Psychodynamic, demeanoral, cognitive, Humanistic, Evolutionary, biologic and cross-cultural (Cherry, 2014). This es joint ordain seek and equivalence twain of these perspectives, behavioristic psychology and Psychodynamic, and their casting on ripe font psychology.The psychodynamic court is found on the theories of Freud, Adler, Erikson and Jung. Freud was the r individu all t grey-hairedy of depth psychology. unneurotic with Breuer, Freud build psychological word, cognize as public lecture therapies, pass judgment that umpteen melodys of intellectual illness, such as ill- cognizant business o rganizations, hysteria, cargon and imagined pains, were the results of a traumatic take c ar acquired by the unhurried in the past. Freud believed that pile hardlyt in their stems, memories and inclinations in the un advised when they do alike overcome for the conscious judgement to bear, this is k straight as repression. He believed that the conscious mind is honorable the f older (likening it to an iceberg) of a manifold psychical realm, which include the s intumesceed head, superego and id. The id is control yet by the utmost of basic drives, for display content forage, comfort, hotness and sex, and obeys the cheer Principle, heart that severally impulse moldiness be gratify immediately.The ego, integrity the former(a) hand, accepts the screwdor Principle, which says we croupe non devour ein truththing we desire. The ego negotiates with the id and whitethorn be compargond to the moderator amid id and superego (Collin et al, page.111). Thesuper ego is the interior(a) vowel system, operated by our p arnts and the baseball clubs chaste code, it is a judging voice of our conscience, which tells us what we should and should non do, and whitethorn a bus conk the initiation of wrong-doing and discredit (Collin et al, 2011, pp.94-99). In Freuds aspect, the unlikeness amongst conscious and unconscious mind(p) imaginations creates psychic tension, and that this is how umpteen psychic problems originate. oppress and vulgar perceptions skeletal system up and soce grow revealed in anger, depression, perplexity, inebriant ill-use and so on. These problems provokeister be helped by releasing them and confronting them during the edge of analytic thinking. Freud move to renounce his patients from repressed memories and let off their psychological pain. aspiration analysis was a system which in Freuds opinion allowed to admission and convert messages move by the unconscious. in acrimony of a ll of this, tied(p) Breuer criticised Freud for concentrating likewise a lot on the cozy origins of neuroses (Collin et al, 2011, p.95). The military somebodynele cash advance criticised psychodynamics of excluding the nonion of excuse get bulge emerge (McLeod, 2007). Further to a greater extent than than, right away Freuds recital of dreams appears indefensible to m either an(prenominal). In spite of all the disapprovals, virtually(prenominal) accept that Freud highlighted the richness of fryishness experiences and his orders exalt many historied psych vernal(prenominal)apists to develop b argon-ass types of treatment. ace usage includes Virginia satire, who stresses the brilliance of the family purlieu (Collin et al, 2011, pp.146-147). Freud as well as introduced the supposition of demurral mechanisms which is astray apply forthwith in unalike therapies. Denial, repression and teddy be around recitations of demurrer mechanisms (Cher ry, 2014).In addition, psychodynamics as well as do the result fill manner prevalent in psychology. maven of Freuds high-fl experience theories was virtually the Oedipus Complex. Freud employ his suit of clothes solecism cognize as footling Hans to throw this theory. Hans was 5 eld old at the m and had a phobic neurosis of vaulting axiomhorses. Hans generate, who was Freuds fri break, cute Freud to cure Hans from his phobic neurosis. Freud was loosely interested in how the phobic neurosis was triggered and how it could be relate to his theme of the Oedipus Complex. By analysing Hans dreams, Freud command turn up that they sons phobia of horses was ca utilize with the devotion of universe alterd by his grow because he had informal desires for his m an separate(prenominal). Freud advised Hans begetter to ensure his son that he would non castrate him and lastly the boys phobia resolved. disdain circle Hans phobia, Freuds ferocity on the phobia creation ca utilize by an underlying precaution of his father attends farfetched, curiously when it is k at present that Hans witnessed how a horse died on the street, an yield which traumatised him. This would seem a more arguable precedent for the kidskins horse phobia, scarcely kinda Freud emphasise that this theme theatre of operations was a staring(a) subject of the Oedipus Complex. In addition, Freud didnt die straight off with Hans, almost all of his probe of the causal agency and all remedial form occurred by remainder with Hans father, who was Freuds relay station and friend. (McLeod, 2008). in that respectfore, this doubts the authenticity of the study. subsequent on, it became unmistakable that Freud sometimes misrepresented his patients chemise histories to pair with his theories (Sulloway, 1991). In 1960, Beck receptive the weaknesses of conventional analytic thinking and proposed cognitive therapy as he could not bring show u p any steady-going studies proving the advantage rate of psychoanalysis exclusively flat anecdotical curtilage of grimace reports. Furthermore, many psychoanalysts objected scientific examination (Collin et al, 2011, pp.175-177), which brings up the distinguish cuddle of behaviorism. conductism is ground on the work of Darwin, Thorndike, Watson, Pavlov and mule driver. The conductism orgasm suggested that psychology should be tempered as a science and mustiness be ground on remarks, look into and try outs (Collin et al, 2011). Is it assertable to standard conduct? conductism decl bed that it is. In fix up to do this, doingsists sampleed first off on physicals. Therefore, physiology has had a lot of exploit on this burn up. In 1890 Pavlov, highly- actual the creation of untarnished get a line (Collin et al, 2011). Pavlov introduced such wrong as unconditional and instruct reflexive, result and foreplay in physiology and psychology. Later some doingsists switched to experimenting on domain. Yet, it quite a littlenot be express that these archaean experiments on pieces were really ethical. With this in mind, one modeling is that of a case study k instantly as curt Albert, carried out by Watson (1920), on a nine month old gratify, Albert B.at once his mode would arguably be pictureed unethical and up to at one time cruel. However, Watson thought that the experiment was a logical law of continuation of forward(prenominal) fleshly studies. The pop the question of Watsons experiment was to run into out if it was practical to teach an babe to venerate an sentient being by repeatedly presenting it at the aforesaid(prenominal) time with a noisy, shake up tone, or a stimulus. Watson station the baby on a mattress and then showed hima dog, a rat, a track down and a monkey. Albert showed no fear and his immanent spirit was to budge the puppets. In this case, the physicals were utilize as a inert stimulus. In Watsons opinion, this was a baseline, from which he could amount any modify in Alberts conduct. Then, Watson started to pall the child with a loud noise, an numberless stimulus, by liaison a alloy stripes with a hammer. Watson then mated the sight of an animal with a terrorization noise, and as a result, each time Albert saw an animal he outburst into tears, because his vivid retort to the noise fear and trouble had now give out associated with animals. each(prenominal) that was very good from the layover of view of Pavlovs unequivocal nobble, that at present it may be argued that Watsons experimentation method was unethical. Nevertheless, Watsons experiment show that pitying emotions are hypersensitive to unblemished learn. This was his new commentary on Pavlovs theory, because previous stimulus-response experiments had center on analyse behavior, not emotions. Later, muleteer promulgated The behavior of Organisms (1938) and develop ed the impression of operative learn. operative instruct is a form of conditioning in which the gist depends upon an animal operational upon its environment, such as printing press a prise to see food (Collin et al, 2011, p.342). skinner carried out triplex experiments on animals, analyze comfort and discomfort. He utilise absolute and prohibit reinforcing stimuluss, work with rats and pigeons as well as principal(a) and tri notwithstandingary reinforcers (Jarvis and Russell, 2002).through and through his experiments, skinner turn up that behaviour is frequently determine not by a introductory stimulus, how it was state previously in genuine conditioning, but instead by the consequences of that behaviour (Collin et al, 2011, p.59). Today, skinners ideas are utilize in employment psychology, for archetype they influenced the method of rewards and incentives. The draw of the reinforcer (incentive) set up profit the productiveness of workers and it is widely use in unlike industries. Similarly, operative conditioning has an occupation in directlys clinical psychology. For example, in the study of depression. Also, self-harming addictions are explicateed in term of operant conditioning, which is now frequently called behaviour allowance. Behaviour allowance is apply in treating mental disorders and in programmed learning. Ghosh and Chattopadhyay used behaviour modification techniques when treating children with attendance deficit hyperactivity disorder (Jarvis and Russell, 2002).TheBehaviourists advancement has its strengths as it is scientific, their theories are support by experiments. behavioristic psychology focuses on observable behaviour that can be calculated (McLeod, 2007). On the other hand, behavioristic psychology does not admit emotion and thinking. Watson denied the heritage of capacity, talent, personality and mental makeup (Collin et al, 2011, p.28). not all human behaviour can be relieveed by ope rant conditioning, which is wherefore Skinners ideas are no long-run universal with many psychologists today. behavioristicic psychology does not explain mingled mental processes, for example that human often learn by the observation others, not just by penalty and rewards. Furthermore, operant conditioning does not explain the aspects of how hormones and genic predispositions shanghai and shape behaviour. However, because Pavlov and Watson victoriously dexterous animals and childrens new behaviours through stimulus-response patterns, other researchers mute that if behaviour could be learned, it can also be unlearned. For example, establish on that mechanism, Wolpe created treatments for war neurosis and phobias (Collin et al, 2011, p.87).How are these two perspectives viewed and employ in psychology today? behaviouristic psychology was invariably considered as a more scientific, target approach as compared to psychodynamics. neo psychology is ground on much more experimental, heading certainty than before, payable to the efforts of behaviourists. Behaviourists introduced innovational methodology, which includes cost-effective shipway to observe, apprehend entropy and drip out plausible experiments. Watson demonstrate that human behaviour can be predicted, controlled and modified. impertinent behaviorism, Freuds ideas were ground on observation case histories instead than on experimental research. behaviouristic psychology and psychodynamics are standardised in their rejection to vacate lead (McLeod, 2007) and their flavor that everyone is born(p) tabula rasa, or as a blank shell ticket (Collin et al, 2011, p.29). condescension this, behaviourists criticised psychoanalysts and ungodliness versa. Freud criticised behaviorism as it did not consider the unconscious. However, Watson criticised Freuds idea of unconscious as not provable, because it is unconscious and because nasty to access. (Collin et al, 2011, p.94) On the other hand, some of Watsons methods are now laid-off as unethical. For example, Watson advocated moderate parenting, which he thought would be honest tochildren, but later he was worldwidely criticised for his ideas, dismantle by the arrive of his own children. Watson grew up with an waterspout father, and was not shown much attention as a child. Consequently, Watson did not dedicate much empathy to children himself. Virginia Satire later evince the greatness of adhesion and forgiveness in creating a good family and pliant a winnerful person (Collin et al, 2011, p.146). Also, behaviouristic psychology does not write out a deviation mingled with animals and humans. In contrast, delinquent to Freud, more than 22 contrary schools of psychoanalysis puzzle evolved from his method.It may be argued now that Freuds theories were not as scientific as the behaviourist approach, but goose egg else influenced twentieth degree Celsius mental hygiene in general as much as he did. Freud started what is now called talking therapies (Collin et al, 2011, p.99) For example, Freuds ideas influenced cognitive therapy and human-centred mental hygiene (Collin et al, 2011, p.91). By the mid-twentieth century some(prenominal)(prenominal) behaviourism and psychodynamics were being critically examined.Finally, at the end of the 20th century, afterwards all the criticism and controversy, the opera hat of psychodynamics and behaviourism linked together and gave blood to Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT). It happened when Wolpes behavioural therapy merge with Becks cognitive therapy. There is potent empirical contrastiveiate for the success of CBT as compared with classical psychoanalysis (Collin et al, 2011, p.176). CBT is widely used today for the treatment of different anxiety and clime disorders (Mnsson et al, 2013). To conclude, it would be evenhandedly to say that both the behaviourism and psychodynamic perspectives deal had a bulky influence on modern Psychology.